You don’t need a peer-reviewed scientific study to tell you that eating vegetables is good for your overall health. (1) Heck, it’s why the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends eating at least 400 grams of fruits and vegetables per day. However, most people don’t meet these recommendations, which is why the best greens powders are often a worthwhile consideration.. (2)

Greens or veggie powders are relentlessly promoted as a life hack for getting all your micronutrients, fibers, minerals, and so on at once, without the tediousness of cooking or having to keep an eye on the fresh produce in your fridge that seems to spoil before you know it. But the real question is this: Are there benefits of greens powder and is this supplement worth your time (and money)?

Can a single supplement really improve digestion, energy levels, immunity, performance, recovery, and focus all at once? That’s the question — and this is your evidence-based answer.

Key Takeaways

• Greens powder is a supplement typically mixed into water containing dehydrated grains, fruits, and grasses.
• Greens powders are often high in vitamins A and C, which directly impact your immune system, and are also high in probiotics and digestive enzymes, which benefit your overall gut health. 
• By drinking greens powders, you may be absorbing more nutrients and antioxidants, which can benefit your oxidative stress, immune function, and cardiovascular health. 
• Research on the effectiveness of greens powders is sparse thus far.

What Are Greens Powders?

There are a wide variety of different types of supplements on the market. One such supp is greens powders, which often contain the powder of dehydrated fruits, grains, and grasses — sometimes along with a blend of probiotics and digestive enzymes. “Greens powders usually prioritize the health benefits that leafy greens offer,” says BarBend expert contributor and registered dietitian Chelsea Rae Bourgeois. They generally also include added vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, plant extracts, fibers, and, occasionally, caffeine (often in the form of green tea). Plants contain polyphenols, which protect against a number of cardiometabolic diseases, cancers, and other health concerns. (1)

Greens powder tends to contain varied ingredients associated with health and wellness, from spirulina, chlorella, wheatgrass, barley grass, oat grass, alfalfa, and other herbs, roots, adaptogens, leafy greens, and other plant-based “superfoods.” In some cases, these supplements contain proprietary blends, or collections of ingredients which are unique to the company. The amounts of each ingredient in a proprietary blend aren’t required to be listed on supplement fact labels, so they’re essentially a secret to the consumer. (3)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJKeWDbyqUM

Greens supplements have the potential to improve upon a solid nutritional foundation, and it’s reasonable to conclude that a super green powdered blend of produce could function similarly to something like a smoothie — a hydrated, high-volume cousin to greens powder. Research on greens powders is lacking, but studies on similar products, like powdered fruit and veggie blends or fruit and veggie concentrates, may provide insight about the potential for greens powders to improve health. 

Potential Benefits of Greens Powders

Manufacturers commonly claim that greens powders provide nutrition or antioxidant activity equivalent to multiple servings of fruits and vegetables, resulting in a multitude of health benefits. When the nutrients are absorbed, it potentially impacts things like oxidative stress, immune function, muscle recovery, or cardiovascular health.

They Are Bioavailable

Powdered fruit and vegetable concentrates contain absorbable nutrients, which can be measured in the bloodstream after supplementation. Participants in some studies seem to experience elevations in the concentrations of carotenoids, lutein, lycopene, folate, and vitamins C and E in their blood after taking a fruit and vegetable supplement for at least 4 weeks, with significant increases at the 8-week mark. (5)(6)(7) 

They Could Improve Certain Biomarkers

Supplementation with daily greens often results in higher concentrations of vitamins C and E, which act as antioxidants. Some studies have also observed reductions in protein carbonyl and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations, which may indicate reduced oxidative stress. (6) 

Some studies have also reported reductions in the inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-ɑ), but reductions in C-reactive protein (CRP) are less consistent. (6)(8)(9)

A high concentration of homocysteine is considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and supplementation with fruit and veggie concentrates can somewhat reduce homocysteine concentrations due to their high folate content. (6) One study observed elevations in plasma concentrations of dopamine, but this hasn’t been replicated. The authors concluded that this could translate to improved focus and cognitive function, but that hasn’t been confirmed. (9)

Potential Drawbacks of Greens Powders

It’s a common assumption that ingredients like herbs and plant extracts are safe because they can be found in nature and easily purchased without a prescription, but that isn’t always the case. “Proprietary blends and lack of evidence-based information on product websites give me pause. Customers are expected to trust the hype surrounding greens powders in general and consume this product without nutrition facts available,” says BarBend expert contributor and registered dietitian Chelsea Rae Bourgeois. 

While greens powders are generally gluten-free and dairy-free, they’re unregulated like other supplements, which leaves them susceptible to contamination (with things such as heavy metals) or liable to be totally ineffective. 

“The research behind greens powder is extremely lacking, so I appreciate products that undergo third-party testing for safety and purity,” says Bourgeois. However, even when you’re using a product tested for purity and backed by solid evidence, it’s also good  to be aware of potential drug interactions that are common with some herbal ingredients.

Metabolism, Immune Function & Inflammation

In one randomized, placebo-controlled trial, several higher-weight women used a powdered fruit and vegetable concentrate for 16 weeks, followed by four weeks of replacing their habitual breakfast with a similar meal replacement shake.

At the end of the trial, women who traded their habitual breakfast for the shake had higher fasting glucose (which could indicate worsening insulin sensitivity), and none experienced improvements in markers of metabolic or immune function. (10) It’s worth nothing, however, that this study conflicted with the majority of other studies that observed improvements in these areas.

[Related: Best Fruit and Vegetable Supplements] 

Lipid and DNA oxidation (markers of oxidative stress) are often measured with conflicting results. Sometimes these markers are unchanged after supplementation, but in other cases improvements are observed in both the treatment and placebo groups. Though vitamins C and E are elevated after supplementation, total antioxidant capacity rarely improves. (6) 

Performance & Recovery

A meta-analysis evaluated the effects of polyphenol-rich foods, juices, and concentrates on exercise recovery and muscle damage, and noted that the data were of medium or very low quality due to the risk of bias in the studies. The foods had no impact on common markers of inflammation or muscle damage, and provided only minor improvements in delayed onset muscle soreness and recovery assessed by muscular contraction and lower body power. (11) 

There is no evidence that greens powders would directly improve performance, nor that they should be universally recommended to athletes. (12)

Digestion & Gut Health

If you’re lactose intolerant, you might get some benefit from using a lactase enzyme when you eat dairy. The applications of other enzymes, like those found in common greens powders, are limited, both by a lack of quality research and a narrow window in which they maintain their specific functions. Some intriguing evidence suggests that certain enzymes might reduce osteoarthritis pain, but more research is needed, and claims related to digestive health aren’t well supported. (13) 

The effects of probiotics are strain-specific, and they exert a fairly narrow set of well-researched benefits. In other words: if you’re taking a random blend of probiotics, lured by the label that highlights it being non-GMO or an organic greens blend, you might not be using the one that would be effective for your specific gut health goals. Even if you are using the proper strain, the serving size may not be providing an adequate dose or formulation that’s enterically-coated (to survive passage through your stomach acid and inhospitable small intestine). (14) 

When research participants took a breakfast meal replacement shake containing a blend of soluble and insoluble fiber intended to serve as a source of prebiotics and microbe-accessible carbohydrates and a fruit and vegetable supplement, their glucose clearance improved, which suggests this combo of greens supplements may help improve glucose metabolism. (10) Additionally, though the meal replacement shake increased fecal butyrate, a beneficial fatty acid, this was likely due to the added prebiotic fiber, not the specific shake. (10) 

[Relaed: Meal Replacement Shakes Pros Cons]

Contamination and Potency

Unlike prescription or over-the-counter drugs, supplements aren’t required to undergo safety, efficacy, or purity testing through the FDA before they reach the market. (4) 

Hepatotoxicity, or liver damage, has been reported after the use (or overuse, in some cases) of several supplement blends sold for weight loss and nutritional support. (15)  In other cases, manufacturers have added ingredients banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) without disclosing them in the ingredients. (16) So while a greens superfood powder may list ingredients and doses you’re keen on, the actual ingredients in the product aren’t verified.

Though a very high dose of a vitamin or mineral might not be considered contamination, it’s also important to keep in mind that more isn’t always better when it comes to micronutrients. Taking too much vitamin C might lead to something unpleasant, like diarrhea, but habitually exceeding the safe upper limits of iron or Vitamin A could cause serious health issues. (2) 

On the other hand, since proprietary blend formulations aren’t disclosed on the label, even the best supplements for muscle growth, sleep, or recovery can include ingredients dosed too low to be effective. (4) “With proprietary blends, you can’t know how much of each ingredient you’re consuming,” says BarBend expert contributor and registered dietitian Chelsea Rae Bourgeois.

Prescription Drug Interactions

An estimated 20% to 25% of people in the United States take supplements along with prescription drugs. Some supplements influence the absorption, excretion, or activity of prescription drugs with potential serious consequences. (17)

Human studies and clinical reports indicate a high risk of interference from goldenseal and St. John’s Wort. Other herbs like black cohosh, cranberry, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, milk thistle, saw palmetto, and valerian could also interact with some prescriptions, though the risk is lower. It’s important to let your doctor and pharmacist know what supplements you’re using, and to check for potential interactions. (17)

What to Consider Before Buying Greens Powders

If you’re thinking about buying a greens powder — or any supplement — here are some additional points to consider and things to know when choosing a brand.

[Related: Greens Powders Vs. Multivitamins]

Unsubstantiated Claims

Though supplement claims can’t include statements about preventing, treating, or curing diseases, they can imply that the ingredients support the function of the human body, like the digestive or immune systems. (4) For example, you’ll often see claims about greens powders supporting digestion because they contain probiotics, or supporting immunity because they contain sources of vitamin C. 

Supplement manufacturers aren’t required to submit evidence substantiating their claims to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but the FDA recommends that claims be based on relevant human studies. This is intended to provide some protection for consumers against dishonest or inaccurate statements. (4)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IR5jW9iNNiw

In 2012, however, the Office of Inspector General of the United States Department of Health and Human Services analyzed 378 claims from 127 common nutritional supplements and found that less than half were based on data from human studies; of those, none of them met the FDA’s recommendations for relevancy or quality. (4)

Less than 15% of the human studies were randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trials, and 49% were done in special populations that wouldn’t translate to the general public. Shockingly, of the 557 human studies used as evidence, only two used the actual supplement in question. (4)

This doesn’t mean that all manufacturers are intentionally misleading consumers with unscrupulous marketing tactics, but it’s something to keep in mind when the claims seem a little too good to be true.

What Will You Gain (and Spend)?

Assuming that a single serving of a greens powder is required to exert its ostensible health benefits, it can be compared to the cost of an effective serving of fruits and veggies (though these supplements can’t actually replace whole foods.) (6)(7)(12)

[Related: Most Nutrient Dense Foods]

The WHO recommends eating at least 400 grams of fruits and vegetables per day. According to a 2017 dose-response analysis of the protective effects of fruits and vegetables, the risk of chronic diseases was reduced significantly with every 200 gram serving, up to 800 grams per day. (1)

If you’re meeting these recommendations in your regular diet, you’re less likely to benefit from supplementing with additional plant matter. Several studies have noted very small improvements (or none at all) in biomarkers after supplementation in people who already ate fruits and vegetables — even at levels below WHO recommendations.

In fact, one limitation cited in studies is an inadequate ‘washout’ period prior to supplementation; in other words, they need their participants to stop eating fruits and veggies for a longer period of time before they start the study to actually observe benefits from supplementation. (6)(7)

On the other hand, if you’re not eating enough fruits or veggies, you might be in a position to benefit from adding a greens powder. However, make note of the fact that greens powders are more expensive on a gram-by-gram basis of the nutrients you’re after. Some fruit and veggie blends are priced at less than $1 USD per serving, while others cost over $3 USD per serving. For example, Athletic Greens, one of the most popular greens powders on the market, is relatively expensive with a starting price of $2.63 per serving. Meanwhile, a single 200 gram serving of an apple, on the other hand, costs about 22 cents. (18)

Read our full Athletic Greens Review.

Choosing A Sport-Safe Supplement

Some manufacturers volunteer for third-party testing to establish the purity of their products, which can protect you from inadvertently ingesting a banned or potentially toxic substance. These include the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention and NSF International, whose labels (USP and NSF, respectively) are added to tested products. (17) 

These labels don’t ensure that the products will live up to their claims, but they can be especially important for people concerned about contaminants, like athletes competing in drug-tested events and individuals taking prescription drugs.

We’ve tested hundreds of different supplements and greens powders from some of the most popular brands, utilizing the BarBend supplement testing methodology which prioritizes transparent and safe ingredients, and third-party testing, and gives low scores for proprietary blends. However, since everybody is different, it’s best to consult with your doctor before adding supplements to your regimen. 

Summary

Powdered fruit and veggie blends can work as pre- and post-workout nutrition for certain populations who aren’t eating enough fruits and veggies, but they can’t replace whole foods. Since most of the available research has focused on a specific brand of powdered fruits and veggies, it remains to be seen whether other blends would have similar effects.

If you’re not meeting the recommendations for fruits and vegetables, taking a greens powder could benefit you, but eating more fruits and veggies would have the same effect, potentially at a lower cost. Added proprietary blends might not provide any additional benefit while driving up the cost of the item, and if you’re using a product that hasn’t been third-party tested for purity, you might be spending your cash on fillers or taking something you don’t see on the label.

Greens powders may work in some ways, and they could be helpful if you don’t have access to fresh produce. That said, if you want to choose the most evidence-based (and likely cost-effective) intervention with the best risk-to-benefit ratio, you might want to start with an apple a day.

Greens Powders FAQs

References

1. Aune, D., Giovannucci, E., Boffetta, P., Fadnes, L. T., Keum, N., Norat, T., Greenwood, D. C., Riboli, E., Vatten, L. J., & Tonstad, S. (2017). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality—a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(3), 1029–1056. 
2. Lentjes, M. A. H. (2019). The balance between food and dietary supplements in the general population. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 78(1), 97–109. 
3. Dietary Supplement Labeling Guide: Chapter IV. Nutrition Labeling | FDA. (n.d.). Retrieved February 19, 2022, from https://www.fda.gov/food/dietary-supplements-guidance-documents-regulatory-information/dietary-supplement-labeling-guide-chapter-iv-nutrition-labeling#4-2 
4. Office of Inspector General — OEI, H. (2012). Dietary Supplements: Structure/Function Claims Fail To Meet Federal Requirements (OEI-01-11-00210; 10/12). October. 
5. Nantz, M. P., Rowe, C. A., Nieves, C., & Percival, S. S. (2006). Immunity and antioxidant capacity in humans is enhanced by consumption of a dried, encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice concentrate. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(10), 2606–2610. 
6. Esfahani, A., Wong, J. M. W., Truan, J., Villa, C. R., Mirrahimi, A., Srichaikul, K., & Kendall, C. W. C. (2011). Health effects of mixed fruit and vegetable concentrates: a systematic review of the clinical interventions. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 30(5), 285–294.
7. Dams, S., Holasek, S., Tsiountsioura, M., Malliga, D.-E., Meier-Allard, N., Poncza, B., Lackner, S., Jansenberger, Y., & Lamprecht, M. (2021). An encapsulated fruit, vegetable and berry juice powder concentrate increases plasma values of specific carotenoids and vitamins. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Vitamin- Und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition, 91(1–2), 77–86. 
8. Lamprecht, M., Obermayer, G., Steinbauer, K., Cvirn, G., Hofmann, L., Ledinski, G., Greilberger, J. F., & Hallstroem, S. (2013). Supplementation with a juice powder concentrate and exercise decrease oxidation and inflammation, and improve the microcirculation in obese women: randomised controlled trial data. British Journal of Nutrition, 110(9), 1685–1695. 
9. Arcusa, R., Carrillo, J. Á., Xandri-Martínez, R., Cerdá, B., Villaño, D., Marhuenda, J., & Zafrilla, M. P. (2021). Effects of a Fruit and Vegetable-Based Nutraceutical on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Status in the Plasma of a Healthy Population: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, and Randomized Clinical Trial. Molecules, 26(12), 3604.
10. van der Merwe, M., Moore, D., Hill, J. L., Keating, F. H., Buddington, R. K., Bloomer, R. J., Wang, A., & Bowman, D. D. (2021). The Impact of a Dried Fruit and Vegetable Supplement and Fiber Rich Shake on Gut and Health Parameters in Female Healthcare Workers: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Microorganisms, 9(4), 843. 
11. Rickards, L., Lynn, A., Harrop, D., Barker, M. E., Russell, M., & Ranchordas, M. K. (2021). Effect of Polyphenol-Rich Foods, Juices, and Concentrates on Recovery from Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 
12. Lamprecht, M. (2012). Supplementation with mixed fruit and vegetable concentrates in relation to athlete’s health and performance: scientific insight and practical relevance. Medicine and Sport Science, 59, 70–85. 
13. Edakkanambeth Varayil, J., Bauer, B. A., & Hurt, R. T. (2014). Over-the-counter enzyme supplements: what a clinician needs to know. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 89(9), 1307–1312.
14. McFarland, L. V, Evans, C. T., & Goldstein, E. J. C. (2018). Strain-Specificity and Disease-Specificity of Probiotic Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Medicine, 5, 124.
15. García-Cortés, M., Robles-Díaz, M., Ortega-Alonso, A., Medina-Caliz, I., & Andrade, R. J. (2016). Hepatotoxicity by Dietary Supplements: A Tabular Listing and Clinical Characteristics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17(4), 537. 
16. Peeling, P., Castell, L. M., Derave, W., de Hon, O., & Burke, L. M. (2019). Sports Foods and Dietary Supplements for Optimal Function and Performance Enhancement in Track-and-Field Athletes. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 29(2), 198–209. 
17. Asher, G. N., Corbett, A. H., & Hawke, R. L. (2017). Common Herbal Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions. American Family Physician, 96(2), 101–107. 
18. Stewart, H., Hyman, J., Carlson, A., & Frazão, E. (2016). The Cost of Satisfying Fruit and Vegetable Recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines. United States Department of Agriculture, 27, 17.